Theodora (senatrix)

Theodora (also Teodora) (c. 870 – 916) was a senatrix and serenissima vestaratrix of Rome.^[1] Theodora, a Byzantine princess, was married to Theophylact I, Count of Tusculum, of the incredibly powerful Theophylact family.^[1] Theophylact I was appointed both commander of the Roman militia and head of the papal chapel.^[1] The couple shared effective rulership of Rome between 905 and her death in 916.

As heads of the most powerful family in Rome, Theodora and her husband held great sway over the papacy.^[1] Theodora was rumoured to have been a lover of Pope John X, and she supported his papal candidacy.^[2]^[1]

With her husband Theophylact I, Theodora had at least three children: Marozia, Theodora II, and Sergia.^[2]

Her daughter, Marozia, was the alleged lover of Pope Sergius III, and mother of Pope John XI.^[1] The latter, according to Liutprand of Cremona and the Liber Pontificalis, was fathered by Sergius.^[3] However, the annalist Flodoard (c. 894–966), a direct contemporary of Theodora's, says John XI was the brother of Count Alberic II of Spoleto. Because Alberic II was Marozia's son by her husband Count Alberic I of Spoleto, John was likely the son of Marozia and Alberic I.

Theodora was characterized by the aforementioned Liutprand as a "shameless whore ... [who] exercised power on the Roman citizenry like a man".^[4] Liutprand, a bishop of Cremona, was known to his contemporaries and modern historians as being unfair to adversaries.

General bibliography

E. Dümmler, Auxilius u. Vulgarius. Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Papsttums im Anfange des zehnten Jahrhunderts, Leipzig 1866, pp. 12–26;
P. Fedele, Ricerche per la storia di Roma e del papato al secolo X, in "Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria", 33, 1910, pp. 177–247; 34, 1911, pp. 75–115 e 393–423;
L. Duchesne, Serge III. et Jean XI., in "Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire", 33 (1913), pp. 25–64
Ferdinand Gregorovius, Storia di Roma nel medioevo, New Compton Editori Srl, Roma 1972
Lexikon des Mittelalters, München 2002
Daniela Schumacher-Immel (1996). "Theodora, die Ältere". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 11. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 919–920. ISBN 3-88309-064-6.

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pham, John-Peter (2004-11-30). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933482-7.
^ ^a ^b Williams, George L. (2024-10-14). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-3227-8.
^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2010). A history of mistresses. London: Duckworth. ISBN 978-1590208762.
^ McCabe, Joseph (200u). Crises in the history of the papacy: a study of twenty famous popes whose careers and whose influence were important in the development of the church and in the history of the world. [Whitefish, Mont.]: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766179044.

External links

"Liutprand of Cremona" in the Catholic Encyclopedia

This Catholic Church–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Pham, John-Peter (2004-11-30). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933482-7.

[:1-2] Williams, George L. (2024-10-14). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-3227-8.

[Abbott_2010-3] Abbott, Elizabeth (2010). A history of mistresses. London: Duckworth. ISBN 978-1590208762.

[McCabe-4] McCabe, Joseph (200u). Crises in the history of the papacy: a study of twenty famous popes whose careers and whose influence were important in the development of the church and in the history of the world. [Whitefish, Mont.]: Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766179044.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]